Pyrotechnic Formulas: Rocket Propellants

Chapter 1:Rocket Propellants

Rocket propellant #1 ('Candy Propellant')
 
Comments: This propellant is often referred to as "candy propellant".
Preparation: It is best prepared by melting the potassium nitrate and sugar together, but this is a dangerous operation and could result in accidental ignition during preparation. Dry mixing is possible and much safer but produces lower quality propellant.

Potassium nitrate.................................74.5
Sugar.............................................25.5

Rocket propellant #2
 
Comments: The propellant has a burn rate of 0.0385 inch/sec at 100psi and a burn rate of 0.04 inch/sec at 300psi. Burn temperature is approx. 1800K. and ISP=180.
Preparation:

Ammonium nitrate..................................85-90%
Elastomeric binder (HTPB or other urethane plastic).....?

Rocket propellant #3
 
Comments: Stinks like ammonia when mixed, and hardens faster than normal epoxy curing time. Suggestions for rocket dimensions: 1" rocket tube, 3" fuel length, Durham s water putty nozzle 3/8" thick, and 5/16" diameter. Core in center of fuel about 3/8" diameter through the length.
Preparation:

Ammonium perchlorate, 200 micron..................80
Resin (Epon 815 epoxy & curing agent U)...........20
Copper chromite...................................+1%

Rocket propellant #4
 
Comments: Mixture is somewhat hygroscopic. Low impulse propellant.
Preparation:

Potassium nitrate..........................63
Sugar.............................................27
Sulfur............................................10

Rocket propellant #5 (Whistling)

Comments: Loud whistling rockets can be made with this. The author of the text this composition was taken from used it in nozzle-less whistling rockets. The rocket casings were 3/4 inch inner diameter, and 3.25 inch length. The fuel grain ended 1/8" from the rear end of the motor tube.

Preparation:

1. Mix the iron oxide with the potassium benzoate and mill this mixture until a very fine powder is obtained.

2. Melt the petroleum jelly in a beaker on low heat. Turn the hot plate or stove off. Make sure no sources of heat or sparks are present before proceeding with the next steps.

3. While stirring, add 5 parts of toluene to each part of petroleum jelly by weight. Lacquer thinner can be substituted for toluene when pure toluene is not available. Continue stirring until the petroleum jelly has completely dissolved in the solvent used.

4. Add the petroleum jelly to the potassium benzoate/iron oxide mix and stir the mixture until it becomes homogenous.

5. Then, slowly add the potassium perchlorate while stirring continuously with a wooden spoon for several minutes until homogenous. At this point, the mixture usually has a consistency of thick soup and the beaker is warm to the touch. If the mixture seems too dry or thick, extra toluene or lacquer thinner can be added at this stage.

6. Spread the composition out in a layer about 1/2" thick on kraft paper over newspapers to dry overnight. It is important that the mixture has thoroughly dried before pressing motors. A slightly damp mix can cause some shrinkage of the propellant grain over a period of days or weeks, causing the rocket to explode when ignited.

7. When the composition has dried overnight, carefully run the mixture through a 20-mesh sieve twice and store in a paper container so that trace amounts of solvent can evaporate. After several days, the mix is ready to press.

Potassium perchlorate (fine mesh).................64
Potassium benzoate................................32
Red Iron Oxide, Fe2O3.............................1
Petroleum jelly...................................3

Rocket propellant #6 (KNO3 propellant)
Source: rec.pyrotechnics. Posted by Chris Beauregard <cpbeaure@descartes.waterloo.edu
Comments: The burning rate of these rocket fuels depends much less on pressure than that of black powder. This widens the accetable limits of the ratio nozzle area/fuel surface area.
Preparation:

Potassium nitrate.................................72
Carbon............................................24
Sulfur............................................4

Rocket propellant #7 (NaNO3 propellant)
Source: rec.pyrotechnics. Posted by Chris Beauregard <cpbeaure@descartes.waterloo.edu
Comments: The burning rate of this rocket fuels depends much less on pressure than that of black powder. This widens the accetable limits of the ratio nozzle area/fuel surface area.
Preparation:

Sodium nitrate....................................69
Carbon............................................27
Sulfur............................................4

Rocket propellant #7 (Zinc/Sulfur)
Source: rec.pyrotechnics
Comments: Burns very fast, producing lots of smoke. It is not a very effective propellant due to its low energy density.
Preparation:

Zinc..............................................67.1%
Sulfur............................................32.9%

Space Shuttle Boosters propellant
Source: NASA homepage
Comments:
Preparation:

Aluminum powder...................................16
Ammonium perchlorate..............................69.9
Fe2O3 catalyst....................................0.07
Rubber based binder of polybutadi ne acrylic acidacrylonitrile.....12.04
Epoxy curing agent................................1.96

ESTES C-class rocket engine propellant
Source: rec.pyrotechnics, Composition from 1994 US Dept. of Labour Material Safety Data Sheet.
Comments:
Preparation:

Potassium nitrate.................................71.79
Sulfur............................................13.45
Charcoal..........................................13.81
Dextrin...........................................0.95

Blue strobe rocket propellant
Source: Greg Gallacci <psygreg@u.washington.edu
Comments: The GE silicone II is noted for having an ammonia-like odor, where the GE silicones smell more like vinegar. The dimensions of the rocket made with this propellant were 1 1/8 inch ID, with a 1/2 inch core.
Preparation: Mix the copper oxide, PVC and silicone first, in a plastic bag. Then mix in the ammonium perchlorate. The stuff is said to be somewhat crumbly, and presses well.

Ammonium perchlorate..............................63
Silicone II.......................................22
Copper(II)oxide...................................10
PVC...............................................5

Black powder propellants
 

	Shimizu	Lancaster	Urbanski	Urbanski	Visser	Visser	Estes
name			German rockets	American rockets			Type-C model rocket engine
Black powder	0-12
Sodium nitrate					69
Potassium nitrate	59-64	61	60	59		72	71.79
Sulfur	8-13	5	15	10	4	4	13.45
Charcoal, 150 mesh	20-31	20	25	31	27	24	13.81
Charcoal, 40 mesh		14
Dextrin							0.95

Nitrate/sugar-based propellants
 

Candy propellant 

Teleflite propellant 

Potassium nitrate 

74.5

63

Sucrose

25.5

27

Sulfur

10

>

Composite ammonium perchlorate-based propellants
 

Visser 

NASA 

Shuttle booster
rocket propellant 

Ammonium perchlorate 

80

69.9

Resin¹

20

Polybutadiene

12.04

Epoxy curing agent

1.96

Aluminum powder

16

Red iron oxide

0.07

Copper chromite

+1

¹  - Epon 815 epoxy & curing agent U
 

Composite ammonium nitrate-based propellants
 

Urbanski 

Urbanski 

Visser 

Oxidizing mix 

AMT-2011 

Ammonium nitrate 

72

72.79

85-90

Sodium nitrate

16

Ammonium dichromate 

8

1.99

Ammonium chloride

4

Urethane plastic

10-15

Genpol A-20 polyester 
resin

9.79

Methyl acrylate

12.22

Styrene

2.22

Methyl ethyl ketone

0.49

Cobalt octanoate 
(1% in styrene) 

0.25

Lecithin (10% 
in styrene)

0.25

Composite potassium perchlorate-based propellants
 

	Zaehringer	Altermann and Katchalsky	Altermann and Katchalsky	Altermann and Katchalsky	Altermann and Katchalsky
	Galcit Alt 161	Aeroplex K I	Aeroplex K II	Aeroplex K III	Aeroplex K IV
Potassium perchlorate	75	80	77.5	75	70
Asphalt with mineral oil or resin	25
Methyl polymethacrylate		20	22.5	25	30

 

Thiokol propellants

NOTE: These propellants are based on polyethylene sulfide rubbers mixed with ammonium perchlorate. According to the Thiokol Cehmical Corporation, liquid thiokol is produced by condensing ethylene chlorohydrin to dichlorodiethylformal, which is then treated with sodium polysulfide to obtain the finished product.The proportion for liquid thiokol to perchlorate is usually 20-40% thiokol to 60-80% perchlorate.

There are six types of thiokol liquid polymer (LP): LP-2, LP-3, LP-31, LP-32, LP-33, and LP-8. According to Urbanski, the difference in the polymers lies in the degree of polymerization or cross-linking. Curing the thiokol polymers is done with a special curing compound, composition C, for 24 hours at 80 degrees F, then pressed for 10 minutes at 287-310 degrees F.. Proportions for LP to C is 100 parts LP to 10-15 parts C. The table for the liquid polymers is in parts by weight. The table for composition C is in percent.
 

	Thiokol Chemical Corp.	Thiokol Chemical Corp.	Thiokol Chemical Corp.	Thiokol Chemical Corp.
	LP-31	LP-2	LP-32	Composition C
Thiokol LP	100	100	100
Lead peroxide				50
Sulfur	0.15		0.1
Carbon black		30	30
Stearic acid	1	1	1	5
Dibutyl phthalate				45
Soot (or zinc sulfide or lithopone)	30-50

Whistling propellants

NOTE: Whistle rockets must be made in the same way as a standard firework whistle, in the sense that it must be pressed very firmly for it to produce a whistling effect. The catalyst can be any metal oxide, though the usual ones used are titanium dioxide, copper oxychloride, and red iron oxide.

DANGER: Whistle compositions should NEVER be rammed. They must be pressed or an explosion may result.
 

	Vhryens	Barr	Steinberg	Steinberg	Best AFN 3
Potassium perchlorate	64	64	73	70	76
Sodium benzoate	32		26	30
Sodium salicylate		32			23
Catalyst	1	1	1	+1	1
Petroleum jelly	3	3	+2.5	+5	+3

Strobing propellants

NOTE: Strobe rockets function similar to strobe stars in that the reaction oscillates between flash and smoulder phase. The first formula given to me by John Steinberg can have the barium sulfate replaced with various other metal sulfates to obtain different colors.

DANGER: Copper sulfate can not be used in the first formula to produce a blue strobe. Copper sulfate absorbs moisture readily from the surrounding atmosphere. This moisture would then cause the magnesium and ammonium perchlorate to react producing heat, and eventually spontaneous combustion.
 

Barr

Burdick

Ammonium perchlorate 

60

63

Barium sulfate

15

Black copper oxide

10

GE Silicone II

22

PVC

5

Magnalium, -200 mesh 

23.5

Magnesium, 100 mesh, flake 

1.5

Potassium dichromate 

+5

solvent

10% NC lacquer 

not needed 

Other propellants

NOTE: The zinc/sulfur mixture is not a very efficient propellant due to its low specific impulse. In addition, the relatively high density of zinc adds much weight to the rocket, further reducing the propellant's effectiveness.

CAUTION: Zinc/sulfur mixtures are sensitive to initiation and can be explosive when loose.
 

Zinc/sulfur propellant

Zinc powder 

67.1

Sulfur

32.9