Chapter 1:Rocket Propellants
Rocket propellant #1 ('Candy Propellant')
Comments: This propellant is often referred to as "candy
propellant".
Preparation: It is best prepared by melting the potassium
nitrate and sugar together, but this is a dangerous operation
and could result in accidental ignition during preparation.
Dry mixing is possible and much safer but produces lower quality
propellant.
Potassium nitrate.................................74.5
Sugar.............................................25.5
Rocket propellant #2
Comments: The propellant has a burn rate of 0.0385
inch/sec at 100psi and a burn rate of 0.04 inch/sec at 300psi.
Burn temperature is approx. 1800K. and ISP=180.
Preparation:
Ammonium nitrate..................................85-90%
Elastomeric binder (HTPB or other urethane plastic).....?
Rocket propellant #3
Comments: Stinks like ammonia when mixed, and hardens
faster than normal epoxy curing time. Suggestions for rocket
dimensions: 1" rocket tube, 3" fuel length, Durham s
water putty nozzle 3/8" thick, and 5/16" diameter.
Core in center of fuel about 3/8" diameter through the
length.
Preparation:
Ammonium perchlorate, 200 micron..................80
Resin (Epon 815 epoxy & curing agent U)...........20
Copper chromite...................................+1%
Rocket propellant #4
Comments: Mixture is somewhat hygroscopic. Low impulse
propellant.
Preparation:
Potassium nitrate..........................63
Sugar.............................................27
Sulfur............................................10
Rocket propellant #5 (Whistling)
Comments: Loud whistling rockets can be made with this. The author of the text this composition was taken from used it in nozzle-less whistling rockets. The rocket casings were 3/4 inch inner diameter, and 3.25 inch length. The fuel grain ended 1/8" from the rear end of the motor tube.
Preparation:
1. Mix the iron oxide with the potassium benzoate and mill this mixture until a very fine powder is obtained.
2. Melt the petroleum jelly in a beaker on low heat. Turn the hot plate or stove off. Make sure no sources of heat or sparks are present before proceeding with the next steps.
3. While stirring, add 5 parts of toluene to each part of petroleum jelly by weight. Lacquer thinner can be substituted for toluene when pure toluene is not available. Continue stirring until the petroleum jelly has completely dissolved in the solvent used.
4. Add the petroleum jelly to the potassium benzoate/iron oxide mix and stir the mixture until it becomes homogenous.
5. Then, slowly add the potassium perchlorate while stirring continuously with a wooden spoon for several minutes until homogenous. At this point, the mixture usually has a consistency of thick soup and the beaker is warm to the touch. If the mixture seems too dry or thick, extra toluene or lacquer thinner can be added at this stage.
6. Spread the composition out in a layer about 1/2" thick on kraft paper over newspapers to dry overnight. It is important that the mixture has thoroughly dried before pressing motors. A slightly damp mix can cause some shrinkage of the propellant grain over a period of days or weeks, causing the rocket to explode when ignited.
7. When the composition has dried overnight, carefully run the mixture through a 20-mesh sieve twice and store in a paper container so that trace amounts of solvent can evaporate. After several days, the mix is ready to press.
Potassium perchlorate (fine mesh).................64
Potassium benzoate................................32
Red Iron Oxide, Fe2O3.............................1
Petroleum jelly...................................3
Rocket propellant #6 (KNO3 propellant)
Source: rec.pyrotechnics. Posted by Chris Beauregard
<cpbeaure@descartes.waterloo.edu
Comments: The burning rate of these rocket fuels depends
much less on pressure than that of black powder. This widens
the accetable limits of the ratio nozzle area/fuel surface
area.
Preparation:
Potassium nitrate.................................72
Carbon............................................24
Sulfur............................................4
Rocket propellant #7 (NaNO3 propellant)
Source: rec.pyrotechnics. Posted by Chris Beauregard
<cpbeaure@descartes.waterloo.edu
Comments: The burning rate of this rocket fuels depends
much less on pressure than that of black powder. This widens
the accetable limits of the ratio nozzle area/fuel surface
area.
Preparation:
Sodium nitrate....................................69
Carbon............................................27
Sulfur............................................4
Rocket propellant #7 (Zinc/Sulfur)
Source: rec.pyrotechnics
Comments: Burns very fast, producing lots of smoke.
It is not a very effective propellant due to its low energy
density.
Preparation:
Zinc..............................................67.1%
Sulfur............................................32.9%
Space Shuttle Boosters propellant
Source: NASA homepage
Comments:
Preparation:
Aluminum powder...................................16
Ammonium perchlorate..............................69.9
Fe2O3 catalyst....................................0.07
Rubber based binder of polybutadi ne acrylic acidacrylonitrile.....12.04
Epoxy curing agent................................1.96
ESTES C-class rocket engine propellant
Source: rec.pyrotechnics, Composition from 1994 US
Dept. of Labour Material Safety Data Sheet.
Comments:
Preparation:
Potassium nitrate.................................71.79
Sulfur............................................13.45
Charcoal..........................................13.81
Dextrin...........................................0.95
Blue strobe rocket propellant
Source: Greg Gallacci <psygreg@u.washington.edu
Comments: The GE silicone II is noted for having an
ammonia-like odor, where the GE silicones smell more like
vinegar. The dimensions of the rocket made with this propellant
were 1 1/8 inch ID, with a 1/2 inch core.
Preparation: Mix the copper oxide, PVC and silicone
first, in a plastic bag. Then mix in the ammonium perchlorate.
The stuff is said to be somewhat crumbly, and presses well.
Ammonium perchlorate..............................63
Silicone II.......................................22
Copper(II)oxide...................................10
PVC...............................................5
Black
powder propellants
Shimizu |
Lancaster |
Urbanski |
Urbanski |
Visser |
Visser |
Estes |
|
name |
|
|
German rockets |
American rockets |
|
|
Type-C
model |
Black powder |
0-12 |
||||||
Sodium nitrate |
69 |
||||||
Potassium nitrate |
59-64 |
61 |
60 |
59 |
72 |
71.79 |
|
Sulfur |
8-13 |
5 |
15 |
10 |
4 |
4 |
13.45 |
Charcoal, 150 mesh |
20-31 |
20 |
25 |
31 |
27 |
24 |
13.81 |
Charcoal, 40 mesh |
14 |
||||||
Dextrin |
0.95 |
Nitrate/sugar-based propellants
>
Composite ammonium perchlorate-based
propellants
1
- Epon
815 epoxy & curing agent U
Composite ammonium nitrate-based
propellants
Composite potassium perchlorate-based
propellants
Zaehringer |
Altermann
and |
Altermann
and |
Altermann
and |
Altermann
and |
|
Galcit Alt 161 |
Aeroplex K I |
Aeroplex K II |
Aeroplex K III |
Aeroplex K IV |
|
Potassium perchlorate |
75 |
80 |
77.5 |
75 |
70 |
Asphalt
with mineral |
25 |
||||
Methyl polymethacrylate |
20 |
22.5 |
25 |
30 |
Thiokol propellants
NOTE: These propellants are based on polyethylene sulfide rubbers mixed with ammonium perchlorate. According to the Thiokol Cehmical Corporation, liquid thiokol is produced by condensing ethylene chlorohydrin to dichlorodiethylformal, which is then treated with sodium polysulfide to obtain the finished product.The proportion for liquid thiokol to perchlorate is usually 20-40% thiokol to 60-80% perchlorate.
There are six types of thiokol liquid polymer
(LP): LP-2, LP-3, LP-31, LP-32, LP-33, and LP-8. According
to Urbanski, the difference in the polymers lies in the degree
of polymerization or cross-linking. Curing the thiokol polymers
is done with a special curing compound, composition C, for
24 hours at 80 degrees F, then pressed for 10 minutes at 287-310
degrees F.. Proportions for LP to C is 100 parts LP to 10-15
parts C. The table for the liquid polymers is in parts by
weight. The table for composition C is in percent.
Thiokol Chemical Corp. |
Thiokol Chemical Corp. |
Thiokol Chemical Corp. |
Thiokol Chemical Corp. |
|
LP-31 |
LP-2 |
LP-32 |
Composition C |
|
Thiokol LP |
100 |
100 |
100 |
|
Lead peroxide |
50 |
|||
Sulfur |
0.15 |
0.1 |
||
Carbon black |
30 |
30 |
||
Stearic acid |
1 |
1 |
1 |
5 |
Dibutyl phthalate |
45 |
|||
Soot (or zinc sulfide or lithopone) |
30-50 |
Whistling propellants
NOTE: Whistle rockets must be made in the same way as a standard firework whistle, in the sense that it must be pressed very firmly for it to produce a whistling effect. The catalyst can be any metal oxide, though the usual ones used are titanium dioxide, copper oxychloride, and red iron oxide.
DANGER: Whistle compositions should NEVER
be rammed. They must be pressed or an explosion may result.
Vhryens |
Barr |
Steinberg |
Steinberg |
Best AFN 3 |
|
Potassium perchlorate |
64 |
64 |
73 |
70 |
76 |
Sodium benzoate |
32 |
26 |
30 |
||
Sodium salicylate |
32 |
23 |
|||
Catalyst |
1 |
1 |
1 |
+1 |
1 |
Petroleum jelly |
3 |
3 |
+2.5 |
+5 |
+3 |
Strobing propellants
NOTE: Strobe rockets function similar to strobe stars in that the reaction oscillates between flash and smoulder phase. The first formula given to me by John Steinberg can have the barium sulfate replaced with various other metal sulfates to obtain different colors.
DANGER: Copper sulfate can not
be used in the first formula to produce a blue strobe. Copper
sulfate absorbs moisture readily from the surrounding atmosphere.
This moisture would then cause the magnesium and ammonium
perchlorate to react producing heat, and eventually spontaneous
combustion.
Other propellants
NOTE: The zinc/sulfur mixture is not a very efficient propellant due to its low specific impulse. In addition, the relatively high density of zinc adds much weight to the rocket, further reducing the propellant's effectiveness.
CAUTION: Zinc/sulfur mixtures are sensitive
to initiation and can be explosive when loose.